HLA-B27

When HLA-B27 Status Matters

A negative HLA-B27 result indicates that you don't carry this particular genetic variant, significantly reducing—though not eliminating—your risk of developing HLA-B27-associated autoimmune conditions. Most of the population tests negative, and these individuals have substantially lower risks for conditions like ankylosing spondylitis.

When HLA-B27 is present (positive result), it creates a dramatically increased predisposition to specific autoimmune conditions. The most important genetic risk factor is human leukocyte antigen B27 (HLA-B27) for axial spondyloarthritis, including ankylosing spondylitis. However, having HLA-B27 doesn't guarantee disease development—between 5 and 10% of children with this gene variant will then go on to develop AS.

The primary concern with HLA-B27 positivity is the increased risk of spondyloarthropathies—a group of inflammatory conditions affecting the spine and joints. These include ankylosing spondylitis, reactive arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease-associated arthritis. Additionally, HLA-B27 positive individuals face increased risk of acute anterior uveitis, a serious eye inflammation that can threaten vision if untreated.

What makes HLA-B27-associated conditions particularly significant is their potential for progressive joint damage and spinal fusion if left undiagnosed and untreated. Early identification allows for interventions that can dramatically alter disease trajectory, preventing irreversible structural damage.

When HLA-B27 Status Matters

A negative HLA-B27 result indicates that you don't carry this particular genetic variant, significantly reducing—though not eliminating—your risk of developing HLA-B27-associated autoimmune conditions. Most of the population tests negative, and these individuals have substantially lower risks for conditions like ankylosing spondylitis.

When HLA-B27 is present (positive result), it creates a dramatically increased predisposition to specific autoimmune conditions. The most important genetic risk factor is human leukocyte antigen B27 (HLA-B27) for axial spondyloarthritis, including ankylosing spondylitis. However, having HLA-B27 doesn't guarantee disease development—between 5 and 10% of children with this gene variant will then go on to develop AS.

The primary concern with HLA-B27 positivity is the increased risk of spondyloarthropathies—a group of inflammatory conditions affecting the spine and joints. These include ankylosing spondylitis, reactive arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease-associated arthritis. Additionally, HLA-B27 positive individuals face increased risk of acute anterior uveitis, a serious eye inflammation that can threaten vision if untreated.

What makes HLA-B27-associated conditions particularly significant is their potential for progressive joint damage and spinal fusion if left undiagnosed and untreated. Early identification allows for interventions that can dramatically alter disease trajectory, preventing irreversible structural damage.

When HLA-B27 Status Matters

A negative HLA-B27 result indicates that you don't carry this particular genetic variant, significantly reducing—though not eliminating—your risk of developing HLA-B27-associated autoimmune conditions. Most of the population tests negative, and these individuals have substantially lower risks for conditions like ankylosing spondylitis.

When HLA-B27 is present (positive result), it creates a dramatically increased predisposition to specific autoimmune conditions. The most important genetic risk factor is human leukocyte antigen B27 (HLA-B27) for axial spondyloarthritis, including ankylosing spondylitis. However, having HLA-B27 doesn't guarantee disease development—between 5 and 10% of children with this gene variant will then go on to develop AS.

The primary concern with HLA-B27 positivity is the increased risk of spondyloarthropathies—a group of inflammatory conditions affecting the spine and joints. These include ankylosing spondylitis, reactive arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease-associated arthritis. Additionally, HLA-B27 positive individuals face increased risk of acute anterior uveitis, a serious eye inflammation that can threaten vision if untreated.

What makes HLA-B27-associated conditions particularly significant is their potential for progressive joint damage and spinal fusion if left undiagnosed and untreated. Early identification allows for interventions that can dramatically alter disease trajectory, preventing irreversible structural damage.

When HLA-B27 Status Matters

A negative HLA-B27 result indicates that you don't carry this particular genetic variant, significantly reducing—though not eliminating—your risk of developing HLA-B27-associated autoimmune conditions. Most of the population tests negative, and these individuals have substantially lower risks for conditions like ankylosing spondylitis.

When HLA-B27 is present (positive result), it creates a dramatically increased predisposition to specific autoimmune conditions. The most important genetic risk factor is human leukocyte antigen B27 (HLA-B27) for axial spondyloarthritis, including ankylosing spondylitis. However, having HLA-B27 doesn't guarantee disease development—between 5 and 10% of children with this gene variant will then go on to develop AS.

The primary concern with HLA-B27 positivity is the increased risk of spondyloarthropathies—a group of inflammatory conditions affecting the spine and joints. These include ankylosing spondylitis, reactive arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease-associated arthritis. Additionally, HLA-B27 positive individuals face increased risk of acute anterior uveitis, a serious eye inflammation that can threaten vision if untreated.

What makes HLA-B27-associated conditions particularly significant is their potential for progressive joint damage and spinal fusion if left undiagnosed and untreated. Early identification allows for interventions that can dramatically alter disease trajectory, preventing irreversible structural damage.

What Determines Your HLA-B27 Status

Your HLA-B27 status is entirely determined by genetics inherited from your parents. This genetic marker cannot be influenced by lifestyle factors, diet, exercise, stress levels, or environmental exposures. If you have AS and tests show you carry the HLA-B27 gene variant then there is a 1 in 2 chance that you could pass on the gene variant to any children you have.

The inheritance pattern follows standard genetic principles—each parent contributes one copy of the HLA gene, and HLA-B27 is inherited in a dominant fashion. This means you need only one copy from either parent to test positive. The frequency of HLA-B27 varies significantly across different ethnic populations, with higher prevalence in certain Northern European and some Asian populations.

Unlike modifiable cardiovascular risk factors, your HLA-B27 status remains constant throughout life. The test detects the presence or absence of this specific protein variant, and this cannot change regardless of health interventions, medications, or lifestyle modifications. This genetic stability makes HLA-B27 testing a one-time assessment that provides lifelong information about disease susceptibility.

Environmental factors may influence whether HLA-B27 positive individuals actually develop associated conditions, but they cannot alter the underlying genetic status. Infections, particularly certain bacterial infections, may trigger reactive arthritis in genetically susceptible individuals, but this represents disease activation rather than genetic modification.

What Determines Your HLA-B27 Status

Your HLA-B27 status is entirely determined by genetics inherited from your parents. This genetic marker cannot be influenced by lifestyle factors, diet, exercise, stress levels, or environmental exposures. If you have AS and tests show you carry the HLA-B27 gene variant then there is a 1 in 2 chance that you could pass on the gene variant to any children you have.

The inheritance pattern follows standard genetic principles—each parent contributes one copy of the HLA gene, and HLA-B27 is inherited in a dominant fashion. This means you need only one copy from either parent to test positive. The frequency of HLA-B27 varies significantly across different ethnic populations, with higher prevalence in certain Northern European and some Asian populations.

Unlike modifiable cardiovascular risk factors, your HLA-B27 status remains constant throughout life. The test detects the presence or absence of this specific protein variant, and this cannot change regardless of health interventions, medications, or lifestyle modifications. This genetic stability makes HLA-B27 testing a one-time assessment that provides lifelong information about disease susceptibility.

Environmental factors may influence whether HLA-B27 positive individuals actually develop associated conditions, but they cannot alter the underlying genetic status. Infections, particularly certain bacterial infections, may trigger reactive arthritis in genetically susceptible individuals, but this represents disease activation rather than genetic modification.

What Determines Your HLA-B27 Status

Your HLA-B27 status is entirely determined by genetics inherited from your parents. This genetic marker cannot be influenced by lifestyle factors, diet, exercise, stress levels, or environmental exposures. If you have AS and tests show you carry the HLA-B27 gene variant then there is a 1 in 2 chance that you could pass on the gene variant to any children you have.

The inheritance pattern follows standard genetic principles—each parent contributes one copy of the HLA gene, and HLA-B27 is inherited in a dominant fashion. This means you need only one copy from either parent to test positive. The frequency of HLA-B27 varies significantly across different ethnic populations, with higher prevalence in certain Northern European and some Asian populations.

Unlike modifiable cardiovascular risk factors, your HLA-B27 status remains constant throughout life. The test detects the presence or absence of this specific protein variant, and this cannot change regardless of health interventions, medications, or lifestyle modifications. This genetic stability makes HLA-B27 testing a one-time assessment that provides lifelong information about disease susceptibility.

Environmental factors may influence whether HLA-B27 positive individuals actually develop associated conditions, but they cannot alter the underlying genetic status. Infections, particularly certain bacterial infections, may trigger reactive arthritis in genetically susceptible individuals, but this represents disease activation rather than genetic modification.

What Determines Your HLA-B27 Status

Your HLA-B27 status is entirely determined by genetics inherited from your parents. This genetic marker cannot be influenced by lifestyle factors, diet, exercise, stress levels, or environmental exposures. If you have AS and tests show you carry the HLA-B27 gene variant then there is a 1 in 2 chance that you could pass on the gene variant to any children you have.

The inheritance pattern follows standard genetic principles—each parent contributes one copy of the HLA gene, and HLA-B27 is inherited in a dominant fashion. This means you need only one copy from either parent to test positive. The frequency of HLA-B27 varies significantly across different ethnic populations, with higher prevalence in certain Northern European and some Asian populations.

Unlike modifiable cardiovascular risk factors, your HLA-B27 status remains constant throughout life. The test detects the presence or absence of this specific protein variant, and this cannot change regardless of health interventions, medications, or lifestyle modifications. This genetic stability makes HLA-B27 testing a one-time assessment that provides lifelong information about disease susceptibility.

Environmental factors may influence whether HLA-B27 positive individuals actually develop associated conditions, but they cannot alter the underlying genetic status. Infections, particularly certain bacterial infections, may trigger reactive arthritis in genetically susceptible individuals, but this represents disease activation rather than genetic modification.

Managing HLA-B27 Positive Status

Since HLA-B27 status cannot be modified, management focuses on vigilant monitoring for associated conditions and aggressive early intervention when symptoms develop. Spondyloarthritis should not be ruled out based only on negative laboratory results from HLA-B27, but positive results warrant heightened clinical awareness.

Regular monitoring becomes crucial for HLA-B27 positive individuals, particularly those developing suggestive symptoms like inflammatory back pain, morning stiffness lasting over an hour, or eye inflammation. Early recognition of symptoms allows for prompt rheumatological referral and treatment initiation before irreversible joint damage occurs.

When HLA-B27-associated conditions develop, treatment focuses on controlling inflammation to prevent structural damage. Treatment can also help delay or prevent the process of the spine joining up (fusing) and stiffening. Modern treatments include targeted biological therapies that can dramatically slow or halt disease progression when started early.

Lifestyle modifications, whilst unable to change genetic status, remain important for overall health optimisation in HLA-B27 positive individuals. Regular exercise, particularly spine mobility exercises, smoking cessation, and maintaining healthy weight can improve outcomes if inflammatory conditions develop.

Family screening may be appropriate when HLA-B27 positivity is identified, particularly if associated conditions are present. This can help identify relatives who might benefit from enhanced monitoring or early intervention strategies.

Managing HLA-B27 Positive Status

Since HLA-B27 status cannot be modified, management focuses on vigilant monitoring for associated conditions and aggressive early intervention when symptoms develop. Spondyloarthritis should not be ruled out based only on negative laboratory results from HLA-B27, but positive results warrant heightened clinical awareness.

Regular monitoring becomes crucial for HLA-B27 positive individuals, particularly those developing suggestive symptoms like inflammatory back pain, morning stiffness lasting over an hour, or eye inflammation. Early recognition of symptoms allows for prompt rheumatological referral and treatment initiation before irreversible joint damage occurs.

When HLA-B27-associated conditions develop, treatment focuses on controlling inflammation to prevent structural damage. Treatment can also help delay or prevent the process of the spine joining up (fusing) and stiffening. Modern treatments include targeted biological therapies that can dramatically slow or halt disease progression when started early.

Lifestyle modifications, whilst unable to change genetic status, remain important for overall health optimisation in HLA-B27 positive individuals. Regular exercise, particularly spine mobility exercises, smoking cessation, and maintaining healthy weight can improve outcomes if inflammatory conditions develop.

Family screening may be appropriate when HLA-B27 positivity is identified, particularly if associated conditions are present. This can help identify relatives who might benefit from enhanced monitoring or early intervention strategies.

Managing HLA-B27 Positive Status

Since HLA-B27 status cannot be modified, management focuses on vigilant monitoring for associated conditions and aggressive early intervention when symptoms develop. Spondyloarthritis should not be ruled out based only on negative laboratory results from HLA-B27, but positive results warrant heightened clinical awareness.

Regular monitoring becomes crucial for HLA-B27 positive individuals, particularly those developing suggestive symptoms like inflammatory back pain, morning stiffness lasting over an hour, or eye inflammation. Early recognition of symptoms allows for prompt rheumatological referral and treatment initiation before irreversible joint damage occurs.

When HLA-B27-associated conditions develop, treatment focuses on controlling inflammation to prevent structural damage. Treatment can also help delay or prevent the process of the spine joining up (fusing) and stiffening. Modern treatments include targeted biological therapies that can dramatically slow or halt disease progression when started early.

Lifestyle modifications, whilst unable to change genetic status, remain important for overall health optimisation in HLA-B27 positive individuals. Regular exercise, particularly spine mobility exercises, smoking cessation, and maintaining healthy weight can improve outcomes if inflammatory conditions develop.

Family screening may be appropriate when HLA-B27 positivity is identified, particularly if associated conditions are present. This can help identify relatives who might benefit from enhanced monitoring or early intervention strategies.

Managing HLA-B27 Positive Status

Since HLA-B27 status cannot be modified, management focuses on vigilant monitoring for associated conditions and aggressive early intervention when symptoms develop. Spondyloarthritis should not be ruled out based only on negative laboratory results from HLA-B27, but positive results warrant heightened clinical awareness.

Regular monitoring becomes crucial for HLA-B27 positive individuals, particularly those developing suggestive symptoms like inflammatory back pain, morning stiffness lasting over an hour, or eye inflammation. Early recognition of symptoms allows for prompt rheumatological referral and treatment initiation before irreversible joint damage occurs.

When HLA-B27-associated conditions develop, treatment focuses on controlling inflammation to prevent structural damage. Treatment can also help delay or prevent the process of the spine joining up (fusing) and stiffening. Modern treatments include targeted biological therapies that can dramatically slow or halt disease progression when started early.

Lifestyle modifications, whilst unable to change genetic status, remain important for overall health optimisation in HLA-B27 positive individuals. Regular exercise, particularly spine mobility exercises, smoking cessation, and maintaining healthy weight can improve outcomes if inflammatory conditions develop.

Family screening may be appropriate when HLA-B27 positivity is identified, particularly if associated conditions are present. This can help identify relatives who might benefit from enhanced monitoring or early intervention strategies.

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Understanding Your Results

A normal (negative) result means HLA-B27 is absent. A positive test means HLA-B27 is present. Results are reported as simply positive (present) or negative (absent), as this is a qualitative genetic test rather than a quantitative measurement with numerical ranges.

A negative result indicates you don't carry this genetic variant, substantially reducing your risk for HLA-B27-associated conditions. However, axial spondyloarthritis can occur in people without HLA-B27, so negative results don't completely eliminate disease risk.

A positive result indicates genetic predisposition to HLA-B27-associated conditions, but HLA-B27 alone cannot confirm nor rule out a diagnosis. Interpret a positive HLA‑B27 result as increasing the likelihood of peripheral spondyloarthritis when clinical symptoms are present.

Testing is typically recommended for individuals with suggestive symptoms like chronic inflammatory back pain, unexplained arthritis, recurrent eye inflammation, or family histories of ankylosing spondylitis. In patients with acute anterior uveitis, HLA-B27 requires testing due to the strong association.

Results should always be interpreted within clinical context, considering symptoms, family history, and other diagnostic findings. The test provides risk stratification rather than definitive diagnosis, guiding further investigation and monitoring strategies.

Understanding Your Results

A normal (negative) result means HLA-B27 is absent. A positive test means HLA-B27 is present. Results are reported as simply positive (present) or negative (absent), as this is a qualitative genetic test rather than a quantitative measurement with numerical ranges.

A negative result indicates you don't carry this genetic variant, substantially reducing your risk for HLA-B27-associated conditions. However, axial spondyloarthritis can occur in people without HLA-B27, so negative results don't completely eliminate disease risk.

A positive result indicates genetic predisposition to HLA-B27-associated conditions, but HLA-B27 alone cannot confirm nor rule out a diagnosis. Interpret a positive HLA‑B27 result as increasing the likelihood of peripheral spondyloarthritis when clinical symptoms are present.

Testing is typically recommended for individuals with suggestive symptoms like chronic inflammatory back pain, unexplained arthritis, recurrent eye inflammation, or family histories of ankylosing spondylitis. In patients with acute anterior uveitis, HLA-B27 requires testing due to the strong association.

Results should always be interpreted within clinical context, considering symptoms, family history, and other diagnostic findings. The test provides risk stratification rather than definitive diagnosis, guiding further investigation and monitoring strategies.

Understanding Your Results

A normal (negative) result means HLA-B27 is absent. A positive test means HLA-B27 is present. Results are reported as simply positive (present) or negative (absent), as this is a qualitative genetic test rather than a quantitative measurement with numerical ranges.

A negative result indicates you don't carry this genetic variant, substantially reducing your risk for HLA-B27-associated conditions. However, axial spondyloarthritis can occur in people without HLA-B27, so negative results don't completely eliminate disease risk.

A positive result indicates genetic predisposition to HLA-B27-associated conditions, but HLA-B27 alone cannot confirm nor rule out a diagnosis. Interpret a positive HLA‑B27 result as increasing the likelihood of peripheral spondyloarthritis when clinical symptoms are present.

Testing is typically recommended for individuals with suggestive symptoms like chronic inflammatory back pain, unexplained arthritis, recurrent eye inflammation, or family histories of ankylosing spondylitis. In patients with acute anterior uveitis, HLA-B27 requires testing due to the strong association.

Results should always be interpreted within clinical context, considering symptoms, family history, and other diagnostic findings. The test provides risk stratification rather than definitive diagnosis, guiding further investigation and monitoring strategies.

Understanding Your Results

A normal (negative) result means HLA-B27 is absent. A positive test means HLA-B27 is present. Results are reported as simply positive (present) or negative (absent), as this is a qualitative genetic test rather than a quantitative measurement with numerical ranges.

A negative result indicates you don't carry this genetic variant, substantially reducing your risk for HLA-B27-associated conditions. However, axial spondyloarthritis can occur in people without HLA-B27, so negative results don't completely eliminate disease risk.

A positive result indicates genetic predisposition to HLA-B27-associated conditions, but HLA-B27 alone cannot confirm nor rule out a diagnosis. Interpret a positive HLA‑B27 result as increasing the likelihood of peripheral spondyloarthritis when clinical symptoms are present.

Testing is typically recommended for individuals with suggestive symptoms like chronic inflammatory back pain, unexplained arthritis, recurrent eye inflammation, or family histories of ankylosing spondylitis. In patients with acute anterior uveitis, HLA-B27 requires testing due to the strong association.

Results should always be interpreted within clinical context, considering symptoms, family history, and other diagnostic findings. The test provides risk stratification rather than definitive diagnosis, guiding further investigation and monitoring strategies.

The Takeaway

HLA-B27 represents a powerful genetic compass for autoimmune risk, particularly for spine and joint inflammation. While you cannot change your genetic status, knowing whether you carry this marker is invaluable for understanding your disease risk and guiding preventive healthcare strategies.

The key to managing HLA-B27 positivity lies in vigilant monitoring and early intervention. Modern treatments can dramatically alter disease outcomes when inflammatory conditions are caught early, preventing the irreversible joint damage that characterised these conditions in previous generations.

Testing for HLA-B27 is particularly valuable for individuals with unexplained inflammatory symptoms, family histories of ankylosing spondylitis, or recurrent eye inflammation. This genetic information can transform your approach to healthcare monitoring, enabling early detection and treatment of potential inflammatory conditions.

The Takeaway

HLA-B27 represents a powerful genetic compass for autoimmune risk, particularly for spine and joint inflammation. While you cannot change your genetic status, knowing whether you carry this marker is invaluable for understanding your disease risk and guiding preventive healthcare strategies.

The key to managing HLA-B27 positivity lies in vigilant monitoring and early intervention. Modern treatments can dramatically alter disease outcomes when inflammatory conditions are caught early, preventing the irreversible joint damage that characterised these conditions in previous generations.

Testing for HLA-B27 is particularly valuable for individuals with unexplained inflammatory symptoms, family histories of ankylosing spondylitis, or recurrent eye inflammation. This genetic information can transform your approach to healthcare monitoring, enabling early detection and treatment of potential inflammatory conditions.

The Takeaway

HLA-B27 represents a powerful genetic compass for autoimmune risk, particularly for spine and joint inflammation. While you cannot change your genetic status, knowing whether you carry this marker is invaluable for understanding your disease risk and guiding preventive healthcare strategies.

The key to managing HLA-B27 positivity lies in vigilant monitoring and early intervention. Modern treatments can dramatically alter disease outcomes when inflammatory conditions are caught early, preventing the irreversible joint damage that characterised these conditions in previous generations.

Testing for HLA-B27 is particularly valuable for individuals with unexplained inflammatory symptoms, family histories of ankylosing spondylitis, or recurrent eye inflammation. This genetic information can transform your approach to healthcare monitoring, enabling early detection and treatment of potential inflammatory conditions.

The Takeaway

HLA-B27 represents a powerful genetic compass for autoimmune risk, particularly for spine and joint inflammation. While you cannot change your genetic status, knowing whether you carry this marker is invaluable for understanding your disease risk and guiding preventive healthcare strategies.

The key to managing HLA-B27 positivity lies in vigilant monitoring and early intervention. Modern treatments can dramatically alter disease outcomes when inflammatory conditions are caught early, preventing the irreversible joint damage that characterised these conditions in previous generations.

Testing for HLA-B27 is particularly valuable for individuals with unexplained inflammatory symptoms, family histories of ankylosing spondylitis, or recurrent eye inflammation. This genetic information can transform your approach to healthcare monitoring, enabling early detection and treatment of potential inflammatory conditions.

References

Taurog, J. D., Chhabra, A., & Colbert, R. A. (2016). Ankylosing spondylitis and axial spondyloarthritis. New England Journal of Medicine, 374(26), 2563-2574.
Sieper, J., & Poddubnyy, D. (2017). Axial spondyloarthritis. The Lancet, 390(10089), 73-84.
Khan, M. A. (2013). HLA-B27 and its subtypes in world populations. Current Opinion in Rheumatology, 25(4), 505-511.
NICE. (2017). Spondyloarthritis in over 16s: diagnosis and management. NICE guideline [NG65]. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence.
Reveille, J. D. (2012). Genetics of spondyloarthritis—beyond the MHC. Nature Reviews Rheumatology, 8(5), 296-304.

References

Taurog, J. D., Chhabra, A., & Colbert, R. A. (2016). Ankylosing spondylitis and axial spondyloarthritis. New England Journal of Medicine, 374(26), 2563-2574.
Sieper, J., & Poddubnyy, D. (2017). Axial spondyloarthritis. The Lancet, 390(10089), 73-84.
Khan, M. A. (2013). HLA-B27 and its subtypes in world populations. Current Opinion in Rheumatology, 25(4), 505-511.
NICE. (2017). Spondyloarthritis in over 16s: diagnosis and management. NICE guideline [NG65]. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence.
Reveille, J. D. (2012). Genetics of spondyloarthritis—beyond the MHC. Nature Reviews Rheumatology, 8(5), 296-304.

References

Taurog, J. D., Chhabra, A., & Colbert, R. A. (2016). Ankylosing spondylitis and axial spondyloarthritis. New England Journal of Medicine, 374(26), 2563-2574.
Sieper, J., & Poddubnyy, D. (2017). Axial spondyloarthritis. The Lancet, 390(10089), 73-84.
Khan, M. A. (2013). HLA-B27 and its subtypes in world populations. Current Opinion in Rheumatology, 25(4), 505-511.
NICE. (2017). Spondyloarthritis in over 16s: diagnosis and management. NICE guideline [NG65]. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence.
Reveille, J. D. (2012). Genetics of spondyloarthritis—beyond the MHC. Nature Reviews Rheumatology, 8(5), 296-304.

References

Taurog, J. D., Chhabra, A., & Colbert, R. A. (2016). Ankylosing spondylitis and axial spondyloarthritis. New England Journal of Medicine, 374(26), 2563-2574.
Sieper, J., & Poddubnyy, D. (2017). Axial spondyloarthritis. The Lancet, 390(10089), 73-84.
Khan, M. A. (2013). HLA-B27 and its subtypes in world populations. Current Opinion in Rheumatology, 25(4), 505-511.
NICE. (2017). Spondyloarthritis in over 16s: diagnosis and management. NICE guideline [NG65]. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence.
Reveille, J. D. (2012). Genetics of spondyloarthritis—beyond the MHC. Nature Reviews Rheumatology, 8(5), 296-304.

HLA-B27

HLA-B27

HLA-B27

HLA-B27

HLA-B27

HLA-B27

HLA-B27

HLA-B27

HLA-B27

HLA-B27

HLA-B27

Your Genetic Autoimmune Compass

Your Genetic Autoimmune Compass

Your Genetic Autoimmune Compass

When HLA-B27 Status Matters

When HLA-B27 Status Matters

When HLA-B27 Status Matters

When HLA-B27 Status Matters

What Determines Your HLA-B27 Status

What Determines Your HLA-B27 Status

What Determines Your HLA-B27 Status

What Determines Your HLA-B27 Status

Managing HLA-B27 Positive Status

Managing HLA-B27 Positive Status

Managing HLA-B27 Positive Status

Managing HLA-B27 Positive Status

Understanding Your Results

Understanding Your Results

Understanding Your Results

Understanding Your Results

When HLA-B27 Status Matters

When HLA-B27 Status Matters

When HLA-B27 Status Matters

When HLA-B27 Status Matters

What Determines Your HLA-B27 Status

What Determines Your HLA-B27 Status

What Determines Your HLA-B27 Status

What Determines Your HLA-B27 Status

Managing HLA-B27 Positive Status

Managing HLA-B27 Positive Status

Managing HLA-B27 Positive Status

Managing HLA-B27 Positive Status

Understanding Your Results

Understanding Your Results

Understanding Your Results

Understanding Your Results

The Takeaway

The Takeaway

The Takeaway

The Takeaway

References

References

References

References

Research articles

Research articles

Research articles

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